Personal carbon monoxide exposure in Helsinki, Finland

被引:16
作者
di Marco, GS
Kephalopoulos, S
Ruuskanen, J
Jantunen, M
机构
[1] Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Hlth & Consumer Protect, Phys & Chem Exposure Unit, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy
[2] Univ Kuopio, Dept Environm Sci, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
[3] Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Div Environm Hlth, FIN-70701 Kuopio, Finland
关键词
microenvironment; seasonal variation; exposure profile; environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); traffic emissions; cluster analysis;
D O I
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.07.039
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Personal exposure concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) were measured for the adult urban population of Helsinki, Finland, as part of the multi-centre European EXPOLIS study. The arithmetic mean of the 48 h average personal CO exposure concentration was 1.3 mg m(-3) for participants not exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and 1.6 mg m(-3) for those exposed to ETS at any time and in any microenvironment. The maximum 8 and 1 h exposure values were 2.0 and 2.6 mg m(-3), and 4.3 and 5.7 mg m(-3), respectively. As tobacco smoke is one of the major sources of CO, therefore the personal mean exposures of ETS participants were higher than the non-ETS participants for all averaging times. The long- and short-term personal exposures were higher in winter than in summer for all participants. In order to analyse in more detail the correlation between the time-activity patterns and exposure levels, cluster analysis was performed using 24 h personal exposure profiles of 1 h moving averages. The results showed clearly that the major source of CO for non-ETS exposed participants are traffic emissions. The majority of the diurnal exposure profiles showed two notable exposure peaks corresponding to the morning and evening traffic rush hours. The time spent in street traffic was the most relevant factor for describing the short-term personal exposures. The more time was spent commuting by car the higher were the exposures. The long-term exposure levels were linked both to the time spent commuting and home location. People living in low-traffic suburban areas and working in downtown spent more time commuting and ended up experiencing similar long-term exposure levels than people who lived in heavy-traffic downtown areas, but spent little time commuting. For ETS exposed participants the personal exposure profiles were dominated by both tobacco smoke and traffic emissions. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:2697 / 2707
页数:11
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