Ungulates in temperate forest ecosystems: Perspectives and recommendations for future research

This paper was prepared as a synthesis with which to draw together into fuller context the various contributions of this special issue of Forest Ecology and Management on Ungulates in Temperate Forest Ecosystems. From a largely European standpoint it explores the normal role that ungulates may play in the ecological functioning of natural woodland systems and reviews the potential conflicts which may arise from heavy grazing pressure in economic forestry and conservation woodland management. It focuses explicit attention on the literature currently available examining (1) the economic significance of damage caused by grazing and browsing ungulates to economic forestry, (2) effects on regeneration in both commercial and conservation contexts, (3) effects of grazing upon the ground flora, woodland structure and diversity of both vegetation and fauna communities, (4) the effects of changing woodland structure on the ungulates themselves, and explores (5) the implications for management. The paper refers particularly to other contributions in this special issue and places their findings within the context of the wider literature. It closes with a number of recommendations for future research directions.