Polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor β (ESR2) gene are associated with bone mineral density in Caucasian men and women

Context: A major determinant of osteoporotic fractures is peak bone mineral density (BMD), which is a highly heritable trait. Recently, we identified significant linkage for hip BMD in premenopausal sister pairs at chromosome 14q (LOD score = 3.5), where the estrogen receptor beta gene (ESR2) is located. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether ESR2 polymorphisms are associated with normal BMD variation. Design: This was a population-based genetic association study, using 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed across the ESR2 gene. Setting: The study was conducted at an academic research laboratory and medical center. Patients and Other Participants: A total of 411 healthy men (aged 18 - 61 yr) and 1291 healthy premenopausal women (aged 20 - 50 yr) living in Indiana participated in the study. Intervention(s): There were no interventions. Main Outcome Measure(s): The main outcome measures were SNP genotype distributions and their association with BMD at the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Results: Significant association of spine BMD was found with three SNPs in men and one SNP in women (P <= 0.05). The conditional linkage analysis using the ESR2 haplotypes showed that the ESR2 gene accounts for, at most, 18% of the original linkage. Conclusions: ESR2 polymorphisms are significantly associated with bone mass in both men and women. However, the ESR2 gene is not entirely responsible for our original linkage, and an additional gene(s) in chromosome 14q contributes to the determination of BMD.