Appropriate volumes for adsorption isotherm studies: The absolute void volume, accessible pore volume and enclosing particle volume

In adsorption studies the choice of an appropriate void volume in the calculation of the adsorption isotherm is very crucial. It is often taken to be the apparent volume as determined by the helium expansion experiments. Unfortunately this method has difficulties especially when dealing with microporous solids, in which adsorption of helium might become significant at ambient temperatures. The amount adsorbed is traditionally obtained as the excess amount and the term "excess" refers to the excess over the amount occupying the apparent volume that has the same density as the bulk gas density. This could give rise to the maximum in the plot of excess amount versus pressure under supercritical conditions, and in some cases giving negative excess. Such behavior is difficult to analyze because the excess amount is not amenable to any classical thermodynamic treatments. In this paper we will present a method to determine the absolute void volume, and in that sense this volume is independent of temperature and adsorbate. The volume that is accessible to the centers of gas molecules is also investigated, and it is called the accessible volume. This volume depends on the choice of adsorbate, and it is appropriate to use this volume to calculate the pore density because we can assess how dense the adsorbed phase is. In the quest to determine the "absolute" adsorption isotherm so that a thermodynamics analysis can be applied, it is necessary to introduce the concept of "enclosing" volume, which is essentially the volume that encloses all solid particles, including all void spaces in them. The amount adsorbed is defined by the number of molecules residing in this volume. Having these volumes, we can derive the geometrical accessible void volume inside the particle and the solid volume, from which the particle and solid densities can be calculated. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Inc.