A model for oxygen and sulfur isotope fractionation in sulfate during bacterial sulfate reduction processes

We present a model of bacterial sulfate reduction that includes equations describing the fractionation relationship between the sulfur and the oxygen isotope composition of residual sulfate (delta S-34(SO4)_(residual), delta O-18(S04)_(residual)) and the amount of residual sulfate. The model is based exclusively on oxygen isotope exchange between cell-internal sulfur compounds and ambient water as the dominating mechanism controlling oxygen isotope fractionation processes. We show that our model explains delta S-34(SO4)_(residual) vs. delta O-18(SO4)_(residual) patterns observed from natural environments and from laboratory experiments, whereas other models, favoring kinetic isotope fractionation processes as dominant process, fail to explain many (but not all) observed delta S-34(SO4)_(residual) vs. delta O-18(S04)_(residual) patterns. Moreover, we show that a "typical, delta S-34(SO4)_(residual) VS. delta O-18(SO4)_(residual) slope does not exist. We postulate that measurements of delta S-34(SO4)_(residual) and delta O-18(SO4)_(residual) can be used as a tool to determine cell-specific sulfate reduction rates, oxygen isotope exchange rates, and equilibrium oxygen isotope exchange factors. Data from culture experiments are used to determine the range of sulfur isotope fractionation factors in which a simplified set of equations can be used. Numerical examples demonstrate the application of the equations. We postulate that, during denitrification, the oxygen isotope effects in residual nitrate are also the result of oxygen isotope exchange with ambient water. Consequently, the equations for the relationship between delta S-34(SO4)_(residual), delta O-18(SO4)_(residual), and the amount of residual sulfate could be modified and used to calculate the fractionation-relationship between delta N-15(NO3)_(residual), delta O-18(NO3)_(residual), and the amount of residual nitrate during denitrification. Copyright (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd.