Cognitive function in stroke survivors: A 10-year follow-up study

Objectives: Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) has considerable impact on patients and society. However, long-term studies on PSCI are scarce and may be influenced by assessment methods and selection bias. We aimed to (i) assess the prevalence of long-term PSCI; (ii) compare two common cognitive assessment instruments; and (iii) compare cognitive function of long-term stroke survivors with non-stroke persons. Methods: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were administered to 10-year survivors from a population-based cohort of first-ever stroke patients included in the Lund Stroke Register, Sweden, in 2001-2002. PSCI was defined as MMSE<27 and/or MoCA<25 and severe cognitive impairment as MMSE<23. Age-and sex-matched non-stroke control subjects who had performed MMSE (but not MoCA) were recruited from the longitudinal population study "Good Ageing in Skne." The odds of having cognitive impairment for stroke survivors compared to controls were examined with logistic regression analyses adjusting for education. Results: Of 145 stroke survivors after 10 years, 127 participated. MMSE showed PSCI in 46%, whereas MoCA displayed PSCI in 61%. Among the stroke survivors with MoCA<25, 35% had MMSE=27 (P<.001). The odds of having severe cognitive impairment defined as MMSE< 23 were higher among the stroke survivors compared to 354 controls (education-adjusted; OR=2.5; P=.004). Conclusions: Post-stroke cognitive impairment was prevalent among 10-year stroke survivors, and the odds of having severe cognitive impairment were higher among the stroke survivors compared to non-stroke persons. The burden of long-term PSCI might have been underestimated previously, and MoCA may be more suitable than MMSE to detect long-term PSCI.