Mapping soil pH: Accuracy of common soil sampling strategies and estimation techniques

The theoretical profitability of variable rate (VR) lime management has driven adoption of intensive soil sampling strategies used with complex statistical techniques without demonstration of approach efficacy. Our objective was to compare the accuracy of spatially continuous pH and lime requirement (LR) maps derived from commercially used approaches to sampling and LR prediction at unsampled locations. We evaluated point (P) sampling on 0.1-, 0.4-, and 1.0-ha grids and area composite (AC) sampling by I-ha grids, soil type (ST), and whole field (WIT). Inverse distance (ID) weighting and ordinary kriging were applied to water pH and LR data from 11 fields. Modeling of semivariance identified range parameters of :5100 m. For intensive P sampling (0.1- or 0.4-ha grids), kriging was occasionally more accurate than ID weighting but mean absolute error (MAE) differences were small (<= 0.01 pH units and <= 0.13 Mg lime ha(-1)), suggesting little practical consequence to prediction method selection. One-hectare point data were too sparse to produce variograms and applying ID weighting to these data found only small advantages over WIT compositing. Lime use was either unaltered or minimally reduced (10%) by 1-ha P as compared with WF compositing. When compared with WF composites, map prediction efficiencies (PEs) based on mean square error (MSE) analysis ranged from 7 to 51, -13 to 40, and -6 to 54% for ST compositing, 1- and 0.4-ha P sampling, respectively. These results suggest ST compositing remains viable and cost-effect for pH management, especially where ancillary information exists to verify distinct soil series boundaries.