共 26 条
c-di-AMP Secreted by Intracellular Listeria monocytogenes Activates a Host Type I Interferon Response
被引:635
作者:

Woodward, Joshua J.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Iavarone, Anthony T.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Chem Mass Spectrometry Facil QB3, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Portnoy, Daniel A.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
机构:
[1] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[2] Univ Calif Berkeley, Chem Mass Spectrometry Facil QB3, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[3] Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
来源:
关键词:
CHECKPOINT PROTEIN;
ESSENTIAL GENES;
RECOGNITION;
FLAGELLIN;
TRANSPORTERS;
INFECTION;
BACTERIA;
REQUIRES;
D O I:
10.1126/science.1189801
中图分类号:
O [数理科学和化学];
P [天文学、地球科学];
Q [生物科学];
N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号:
07 ;
0710 ;
09 ;
摘要:
Intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes, are detected in the cytosol of host immune cells. Induction of this host response is often dependent on microbial secretion systems and, in L. monocytogenes, is dependent on multidrug efflux pumps (MDRs). Using L. monocytogenes mutants that overexpressed MDRs, we identified cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) as a secreted molecule able to trigger the cytosolic host response. Overexpression of the di-adenylate cyclase, dacA (lmo2120), resulted in elevated levels of the host response during infection. c-di-AMP thus represents a putative bacterial secondary signaling molecule that triggers a cytosolic pathway of innate immunity and is predicted to be present in a wide variety of bacteria and archea.
引用
收藏
页码:1703 / 1705
页数:3
相关论文
共 26 条
[1]
A checkpoint protein that scans the chromosome for damage at the start of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis
[J].
Bejerano-Sagie, Michal
;
Oppenheimer-Shaanan, Yaara
;
Berlatzky, Idit
;
Rouvinski, Alex
;
Meyerovich, Mor
;
Ben-Yehuda, Sigal
.
CELL,
2006, 125 (04)
:679-690

Bejerano-Sagie, Michal
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel

Oppenheimer-Shaanan, Yaara
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel

Berlatzky, Idit
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel

Rouvinski, Alex
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel

Meyerovich, Mor
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel

Ben-Yehuda, Sigal
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel
[2]
Listeria monocytogenes multidrug resistance transporters activate a cytosolic surveillance pathway of innate immunity
[J].
Crimmins, Gregory T.
;
Herskovits, Anat A.
;
Rehder, Kai
;
Sivick, Kelsey E.
;
Lauer, Peter
;
Dubensky, Thomas W., Jr.
;
Portnoy, Daniel A.
.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
2008, 105 (29)
:10191-10196

Crimmins, Gregory T.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Herskovits, Anat A.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Rehder, Kai
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Sivick, Kelsey E.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Anza Therapeut Inc, Concord, CA 94520 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Lauer, Peter
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Anza Therapeut Inc, Concord, CA 94520 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Dubensky, Thomas W., Jr.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Anza Therapeut Inc, Concord, CA 94520 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Portnoy, Daniel A.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[3]
Immediate/early response to Trypanosoma cruzi infection involves minimal modulation of host cell transcription
[J].
de Avalos, SV
;
Blader, IJ
;
Fisher, M
;
Boothroyd, JC
;
Burleigh, BA
.
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY,
2002, 277 (01)
:639-644

de Avalos, SV
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA

Blader, IJ
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA

Fisher, M
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA

Boothroyd, JC
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA

Burleigh, BA
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA
[4]
Large-scale transposon mutagenesis of Mycoplasma pulmonis
[J].
French, Christopher T.
;
Lao, Ping
;
Loraine, Ann E.
;
Matthews, Brian T.
;
Yu, Huilan
;
Dybvig, Kevin
.
MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY,
2008, 69 (01)
:67-76

French, Christopher T.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA

Lao, Ping
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA

Loraine, Ann E.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA

Matthews, Brian T.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA

Yu, Huilan
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA

Dybvig, Kevin
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA Univ Alabama, Dept Genet, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
[5]
Nod1 detects a unique muropeptide from Gram-negative bacterial peptidoglycan
[J].
Girardin, SE
;
Boneca, IG
;
Carneiro, LAM
;
Antignac, A
;
Jéhanno, M
;
Viala, J
;
Tedin, K
;
Taha, MK
;
Labigne, A
;
Zähringer, U
;
Coyle, AJ
;
Bertin, J
;
Sansonetti, PJ
;
Philpott, DJ
.
SCIENCE,
2003, 300 (5625)
:1584-1587

Girardin, SE
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Boneca, IG
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Carneiro, LAM
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Antignac, A
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Jéhanno, M
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Viala, J
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Tedin, K
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Taha, MK
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Labigne, A
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Zähringer, U
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Coyle, AJ
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Bertin, J
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Sansonetti, PJ
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France

Philpott, DJ
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构: Inst Pasteur, Unite Neisseria, F-75724 Paris 15, France
[6]
Essential genes of a minimal bacterium
[J].
Glass, JI
;
Assad-Garcia, N
;
Alperovich, N
;
Yooseph, S
;
Lewis, MR
;
Maruf, M
;
Hutchison, CA
;
Smith, HO
;
Venter, JC
.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
2006, 103 (02)
:425-430

Glass, JI
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA

Assad-Garcia, N
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA

Alperovich, N
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA

Yooseph, S
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA

Lewis, MR
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA

Maruf, M
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA

Hutchison, CA
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA

Smith, HO
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA

Venter, JC
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA J Craig Venter Inst, Synthet Biol Grp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
[7]
Type I interferon signaling is required for activation of the inflammasome during Francisella infection
[J].
Henry, Thomas
;
Brotcke, Anna
;
Weiss, David S.
;
Thompson, Lucinda J.
;
Monack, Denise M.
.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE,
2007, 204 (05)
:987-994

Henry, Thomas
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

Brotcke, Anna
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

Weiss, David S.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

Thompson, Lucinda J.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

Monack, Denise M.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
[8]
Host innate immune receptors and beyond: Making sense of microbial infections
[J].
Ishii, Ken J.
;
Koyama, Shohei
;
Nakagawa, Atsushi
;
Coban, Cevayir
;
Akira, Shizuo
.
CELL HOST & MICROBE,
2008, 3 (06)
:352-363

Ishii, Ken J.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Osaka Univ, Dept Mol Protozool, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
Osaka Univ, Dept Host Def, Res Inst Microbial Dis, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
Osaka Univ, Host Def Lab, WPI Immunol Frontier Res Ctr, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan Osaka Univ, Dept Mol Protozool, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan

Koyama, Shohei
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Osaka Univ, Dept Host Def, Res Inst Microbial Dis, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
Osaka Univ, Host Def Lab, WPI Immunol Frontier Res Ctr, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan Osaka Univ, Dept Mol Protozool, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan

Nakagawa, Atsushi
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Osaka Univ, Inst Prot Res, Lab Supramol Crystallog, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan Osaka Univ, Dept Mol Protozool, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan

Coban, Cevayir
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Osaka Univ, Dept Host Def, Res Inst Microbial Dis, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
Osaka Univ, Host Def Lab, WPI Immunol Frontier Res Ctr, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan Osaka Univ, Dept Mol Protozool, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan

Akira, Shizuo
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Osaka Univ, Dept Host Def, Res Inst Microbial Dis, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
Osaka Univ, Host Def Lab, WPI Immunol Frontier Res Ctr, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan Osaka Univ, Dept Mol Protozool, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
[9]
Inflammasomes: guardians of cytosolic sanctity
[J].
Lamkanfi, Mohamed
;
Dixit, Vishva M.
.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS,
2009, 227
:95-105

Lamkanfi, Mohamed
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Genentech Inc, Dept Physiol Chem, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA Genentech Inc, Dept Physiol Chem, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA

Dixit, Vishva M.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Genentech Inc, Dept Physiol Chem, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA Genentech Inc, Dept Physiol Chem, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
[10]
A host type I interferon response is induced by cytosolic sensing of the bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP
[J].
McWhirter, Sarah M.
;
Barbalat, Roman
;
Monroe, Kathryn M.
;
Fontana, Mary F.
;
Hyodo, Mamoru
;
Joncker, Nathalie T.
;
Ishii, Ken J.
;
Akira, Shizuo
;
Colonna, Marco
;
Chen, Zhijian J.
;
Fitzgerald, Katherine A.
;
Hayakawa, Yoshihiro
;
Vance, Russell E.
.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE,
2009, 206 (09)
:1899-1911

McWhirter, Sarah M.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Barbalat, Roman
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Monroe, Kathryn M.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Fontana, Mary F.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

论文数: 引用数:
h-index:
机构:

Joncker, Nathalie T.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Ishii, Ken J.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Osaka Univ, Host Def Lab, Immunol Frontier Res Ctr, World Premier Int Res Ctr, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Akira, Shizuo
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Osaka Univ, Host Def Lab, Immunol Frontier Res Ctr, World Premier Int Res Ctr, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Colonna, Marco
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Chen, Zhijian J.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Dept Mol Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dallas, TX 75390 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Fitzgerald, Katherine A.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Worcester, MA 01605 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Hayakawa, Yoshihiro
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Nagoya Univ, Bioorgan Chem Lab, Grad Sch Informat Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Vance, Russell E.
论文数: 0 引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Immunol & Pathogenesis, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA