L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione; GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines:: a signaling transcriptional scenario for redox(y) immunologic sensor(s)?

被引:123
作者
Haddad, JJ [1 ]
Harb, HL
机构
[1] Amer Univ Beirut, Fac Arts & Sci, Dept Biol, Beirut, Lebanon
[2] Univ Calif San Francisco, Severenghaus Radiometer Res Labs, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
[3] Lebanese Int Univ, Fac Arts & Sci, Dept Biol & Biomed Sci, Beirut, Lebanon
[4] Lebanese Int Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Pharmacol, Beirut, Lebanon
基金
英国惠康基金;
关键词
antioxidant; AP-1; cytokine; glutathione; HIF-1; alpha; inflammation; MAPK; NF-kappa B; pro-oxidant; redox;
D O I
10.1016/j.molimm.2004.09.029
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Of the antioxidant/prooxidant mechanisms mediating the regulation of inflammatory mediators, particularly cytokines, oxidative stress-related pathways remain a cornerstone. It is conspicuous that there is a strong association between free radical accumulation (ROS/RNS: oxidative stress) and the evolution of inflammation and inflammatory-related responses. The scenario that Upholds a consensus on the aforementioned is still evolving to unravel, from an immunologic perspective, the molecular mechanisms associated with ROS/RNS-dependent inflammation. Cytokines are keynote players when it comes to defining an intimate relationship among reduction-oxidation (redox) signals, oxidative stress and inflammation. How close we are to identifying the molecular basis of this intricate association Should be weighed against the involvement of specific signaling Molecules and, potentially, transcription factors. L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, or glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant thiol, has shaped, and still is refining, the face of oxidative signaling in terms of regulating the milieu of inflammatory mediators, ostensibly via the modulation (expression/repression) of oxygen- and redox-responsive transcription factors, hence termed redox(y)-sensitive cofactors. When it comes to the arena of oxygen sensing, oxidative stress and inflammation, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) are key players that determine antioxidant/prooxidant responses with oxidative challenge. It is the theme therein to underlie current understanding of the molecular association hanging between oxidative stress and the evolution of inflammation, walked through an elaborate discussion on the role of transcription factors and cofactors. Would that classify glutathione and other redox signaling cofactors as potential anti-inflammatory molecules emphatically remains of particular interest, especially in the light of identifying upstream and downstream molecular pathways for conceiving therapeutic, alleviating strategy for oxidant-mediated, inflammatory-related disease conditions. (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
引用
收藏
页码:987 / 1014
页数:28
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