The contextual effects of social capital on health: A cross-national instrumental variable analysis

被引:92
作者
Kim, Daniel [1 ,2 ]
Baum, Christopher F. [3 ,4 ]
Ganz, Michael L. [2 ,5 ]
Subramanian, S. V. [2 ]
Kawachi, Ichiro [2 ]
机构
[1] RAND Corp, Santa Monica, CA USA
[2] Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Soc Human Dev & Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA
[3] Boston Coll, Dept Econ, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 USA
[4] German Inst Econ Res, Berlin, Germany
[5] United BioSource Corp, Lexington, MA USA
基金
美国国家卫生研究院;
关键词
Social capital; Social determinants of health; Social environment; Causal inference; Instrumental variables; Contextual effects; Self-rated health; SELF-RATED HEALTH; US STATE-LEVEL; INCOME INEQUALITY; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; UNITED-STATES; NEIGHBORHOOD; ENVIRONMENT; MORTALITY; HEART; LIFE;
D O I
10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.019
中图分类号
R1 [预防医学、卫生学];
学科分类号
100235 [预防医学];
摘要
Past research on the associations between area-level/contextual social capital and health has produced conflicting evidence. However, interpreting this rapidly growing literature is difficult because estimates using conventional regression are prone to major sources of bias including residual confounding and reverse causation. Instrumental variable (IV) analysis can reduce such bias. Using data on up to 167 344 adults in 64 nations in the European and World Values Surveys and applying IV and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, we estimated the contextual effects of country-level social trust on individual self-rated health. We further explored whether these associations varied by gender and individual levels of trust. Using OLS regression, we found higher average country-level trust to be associated with better self-rated health in both women and men. Instrumental variable analysis yielded qualitatively similar results, although the estimates were more than double in size in both sexes when country population density and corruption were used as instruments. The estimated health effects of raising the percentage of a country's population that trusts others by 10 percentage points were at least as large as the estimated health effects of an individual developing trust in others. These findings were robust to alternative model specifications and instruments. Conventional regression and to a lesser extent IV analysis suggested that these associations are more salient in women and in women reporting social trust. In a large cross-national study, our findings, including those using instrumental variables, support the presence of beneficial effects of higher country-level trust on self-rated health. Previous findings for contextual social capital using traditional regression may have underestimated the true associations. Given the close linkages between self-rated health and all-cause mortality, the public health gains from raising social capital within and across countries may be large. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:1689 / 1697
页数:9
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