Prenatal stress alters time characteristics and intensity of formalin-induced pain responses in juvenile rats

Previous studies found that stressful events during pregnancy can alter the offspring's pain sensitivity to the phasic nociceptive stimuli. The present data constitute the first demonstration of the consequences of prenatal stress to formalin-induced pain in juvenile rats. Injection of formalin into a hind paw of a 25-day-old rat that had not been stressed prenatally produced the typical biphasic specific nociceptive behavioral response consisting of an early short phase lasting 1-4 min followed by a second prolonged phase (12-24 min). Between them there was an interphase that lasted 6-9 min during which the specific behaviors were not shown. This period is generally considered to be a period of inactivity. Prenatally stressed rat pups showed significant increase in flexing+shaking behaviors and in the duration of the second phase of formal in-induced pain in flexing+shaking and licking behaviors and decrease of the duration of the interphase. Disinhibition of the pain behaviors during the interphase was greatly more pronounced in female than in male rats. Sex differences indicate increased vulnerability of inhibitory processes to prenatal stress in females compared with males. These data also underline the importance of understanding the nature of the interphase and provide data on the mechanisms that underlie that component of the formalin test. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BV All rights reserved.