Background: Clostridium difficile is an important gastrointestinal pathogen of humans and animals. It has been isolated from various foods, including meat and ready-to-eat salads, and concern has been expressed regarding food as a possible source of human C. difficile infection (CDI). Aims: We sought to isolate C. difficile from a variety of vegetables obtained from local grocery stores and to characterize these isolates. Materials and Methods: Vegetables were purchased from 11 different grocery stores in Guelph, Ontario, Canada between May and August 2009. Enrichment culture was performed and isolates were characterized by ribotyping, PFGE, toxinotyping and PCR detection of toxin genes. Results: Clostridium difficile was isolated from 4.5% (5/111) of retail vegetables. Two different ribotypes and two different toxinotypes were identified. Three isolates were ribotype 078/NAP 7/toxinotype V, possessing all three toxin genes. The other two isolates shared a ribotype with a toxigenic strain previously found in humans with CDI in this region. Discussion: Contamination of vegetables was found at relatively low levels, however, all isolates were toxigenic and belonging to ribotypes previously associated with CDI. Conclusions: Contamination of vegetables with CDI-associated isolates can occur and although the implications for food safety practices remain elusive, the presence of toxigenic isolates suggests vegetables could be a source of C. difficile in humans.
机构:
Univ Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, FranceUniv Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, France
Bidet, P
;
Barbut, F
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Univ Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, FranceUniv Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, France
Barbut, F
;
Lalande, V
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Univ Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, FranceUniv Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, France
Lalande, V
;
Burghoffer, B
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Univ Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, FranceUniv Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, France
Burghoffer, B
;
Petit, JC
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Univ Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, FranceUniv Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, France
机构:
Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, WalesUniv Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales
Stubbs, S
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Rupnik, M
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机构:Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales
Rupnik, M
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Gibert, M
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机构:Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales
Gibert, M
;
Brazier, J
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机构:Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales
Brazier, J
;
Duerden, B
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机构:Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales
Duerden, B
;
Popoff, M
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h-index: 0
机构:Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales
机构:
Univ Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, FranceUniv Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, France
Bidet, P
;
Barbut, F
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, FranceUniv Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, France
Barbut, F
;
Lalande, V
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, FranceUniv Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, France
Lalande, V
;
Burghoffer, B
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, FranceUniv Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, France
Burghoffer, B
;
Petit, JC
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, FranceUniv Paris 06, CHU St Antoine, Bacteriol Lab, Assistance Publ Hop Paris, Paris, France
机构:
Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, WalesUniv Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales
Stubbs, S
;
Rupnik, M
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales
Rupnik, M
;
Gibert, M
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales
Gibert, M
;
Brazier, J
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales
Brazier, J
;
Duerden, B
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales
Duerden, B
;
Popoff, M
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:Univ Wales Hosp, Anaerobe Reference Unit, Dept Med Microbiol, Cardiff CF4 4XW, S Glam, Wales