Pyridoxal phosphate binding sites are similar in human heme-dependent and yeast heme-independent cystathionine β-synthases -: Evidence from 31P NMR and pulsed EPR spectroscopy that heme and PLP cofactors are not proximal in the human enzyme

Two classes of cystathionine P-synthases have been identified in eukaryotes, the heme-independent enzyme found in yeast and the heme-dependent form found in mammals. Both classes of enzymes catalyze a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent condensation of serine and homocysteine to produce cystathionine. The role of the heme in the human enzyme and its location relative to the PLP in the active site are unknown. P-31 NMR spectroscopy revealed that spin-lattice relaxation rates of the phosphorus nucleus in PLP are similar in both the paramagnetic ferric (T-1 = 6.34 +/- 0.01 s) and the diamagnetic ferrous (T-1 = 5.04 +/- 0.06 s) enzyme, suggesting that the two cofactors are not proximal to each other. This is also supported by pulsed EPR studies that do not provide any evidence for strong or weak coupling between the phosphorus nucleus and the ferric iron. However, the P-31 Signal in the reduced enzyme moved from 5.4 to 2.2 ppm, and the line width decreased from 73 to 16 Hz, providing the first structural evidence for transmission to the active site of an oxidation state change in the heme pocket. These results are consistent with a regulatory role for the heme as suggested by previous biochemical studies from our laboratory. The P-31 chemical shifts of the resting forms of the yeast and human enzymes are similar, suggesting that despite the difference in their heme content, the microenvironment of the PLP is similar in the two enzymes. The addition of the substrate, serine, resulted in an upfield shift of the phosphorus resonance in both enzymes, signaling formation of reaction intermediates. The resting enzyme spectra were recovered following addition of excess homocysteine, indicating that both enzymes retained catalytic activity during the course of the NMR experiment.