Formation and composition of the Bacillus anthracis endospore

被引:161
作者
Liu, HB
Bergman, NH
Thomason, B
Shallom, S
Hazen, A
Crossno, J
Rasko, DA
Ravel, J
Read, TD
Peterson, SN
Yates, J
Hanna, PC
机构
[1] Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
[2] Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Bioinformat Program, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
[3] Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
[4] Inst Genomic Res, Dept Microbial Geonmics, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
[5] George Washington Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Washington, DC 20010 USA
关键词
D O I
10.1128/JB.186.1.164-178.2004
中图分类号
Q93 [微生物学];
学科分类号
071005 ; 100705 ;
摘要
The endospores of Bacillus anthracis are the infectious particles of anthrax. Spores are dormant bacterial morphotypes able to withstand harsh environments for decades, which contributes to their ability to be formulated and dispersed as a biological weapon. We monitored gene expression in B. anthracis during growth and sporulation using full genome DNA microarrays and matched the results against a comprehensive analysis of the mature anthrax spore proteome. A large portion (similar to36%) of the B. anthracis genome is regulated in a growth phase-dependent manner, and this regulation is marked by five distinct waves of gene expression as cells proceed from exponential growth through sporulation. The identities of more than 750 proteins present in the spore were determined by multidimensional chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Comparison of data sets revealed that while the genes responsible for assembly and maturation of the spore are tightly regulated in discrete stages, many of the components ultimately found in the spore are expressed throughout and even before sporulation, suggesting that gene expression during sporulation may be mainly related to the physical construction of the spore, rather than synthesis of eventual spore content. The spore also contains an assortment of specialized, but not obviously related, metabolic and protective proteins. These findings contribute to our understanding of spore formation and function and will be useful in the detection, prevention, and early treatment of anthrax. This study also highlights the complementary nature of genomic and proteomic analyses and the benefits of combining these approaches in a single study.
引用
收藏
页码:164 / 178
页数:15
相关论文
共 55 条
[1]   Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs [J].
Altschul, SF ;
Madden, TL ;
Schaffer, AA ;
Zhang, JH ;
Zhang, Z ;
Miller, W ;
Lipman, DJ .
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH, 1997, 25 (17) :3389-3402
[2]   Localization of the cortex lytic enzyme CwlJ in spores of Bacillus subtilis [J].
Bagyan, I ;
Setlow, P .
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, 2002, 184 (04) :1219-1224
[3]   BACILLUS-SUBTILIS MUTANT REQUIRING DIPICOLINIC ACID FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT-RESISTANT SPORES [J].
BALASSA, G ;
MILHAUD, P ;
RAULET, E ;
SILVA, MT ;
SOUSA, JCF .
JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY, 1979, 110 (FEB) :365-379
[4]   Global effects of virulence gene regulators in a Bacillus anthracis strain with both virulence plasmids [J].
Bourgogne, A ;
Drysdale, M ;
Hilsenbeck, SG ;
Peterson, SN ;
Koehler, TM .
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, 2003, 71 (05) :2736-2743
[5]   A novel spore peptidoglycan hydrolase of Bacillus cereus:: Biochemical characterization and nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene, sleL [J].
Chen, YH ;
Fukuoka, S ;
Makino, S .
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, 2000, 182 (06) :1499-1506
[6]   Two regions of GerE required for promoter activation in Bacillus subtilis [J].
Crater, DL ;
Moran, CP .
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, 2002, 184 (01) :241-249
[7]   Anthrax [J].
Dixon, TC ;
Meselson, M ;
Guillemin, J ;
Hanna, PC .
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 1999, 341 (11) :815-826
[8]   Early Bacillus anthracis macrophage interactions:: intracellular survival and escape [J].
Dixon, TC ;
Fadl, AA ;
Koehler, TM ;
Swanson, JA ;
Hanna, PC .
CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, 2000, 2 (06) :453-463
[9]  
Driks A, 1999, MICROBIOL MOL BIOL R, V63, P1
[10]   THE USE OF INHIBITORS TO IDENTIFY EARLY EVENTS DURING BACILLUS-MEGATERIUM KM SPORE GERMINATION [J].
FOSTER, SJ ;
JOHNSTONE, K .
BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL, 1986, 237 (03) :865-870