Effect of cyanidin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside on micronucleus induction in cultured human lymphocytes by four different mutagens

The anthocyanin cyanidin 3-O-beta-glucopyranoside (Cy-9) is reported to be one of the most effective antioxidants, but little is currently known regarding its potential chemopreventive properties. In this study, we evaluated the ability of Cy-g to protect cultured human lymphocytes from micronucleus (MN) induction by four different mutagens: ethyl methanesulfonate, (EMS), colchicine (COL), H2O2, and mitomycin C (MMC). To gain insight into the mechanisms of action of Cy-g, the cultures were treated with the compound before, during, and after treatment with the mutagens; in addition, the cultures were evaluated for the induction of apoptosis. When used by itself, up to 100 mug/ml of Cy-9 was nongenotoxic, while 100 mug/ml Cy-g reduced the replicative index of the cells by nearly 50%. In addition, Cy-9 was able to reduce the frequency of micronuclei induced by EMS, COL, and H2O2 using all three treatment protocols, but it had no significant effect on MN induction by MMC in any of the protocols. Apoptosis was produced in the cultures treated with Cy-g alone and was increased under conditions in which Cy-9 produced anti-genotoxic effects, suggesting that Cy-g mediated-apoptosis may remove highly damaged cells. However, increases in apoptosis were found under conditions in which Cy-g was not significantly anti-genotoxic, indicating that the increases in apoptosis were not sufficient to account for the anti-genotoxicity of Cy-g. Taken together, our findings indicate that Cy-g possesses anti-genotoxic activity in vitro, which suggests its potential use as a chemopreventive agent. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.