The potency of acyclovir can be markedly different in different cell types

Acyclovir is an acyclic guanine analog with a considerable activity against herpes simplex viruses. We studied the antiherpetic activity of acyclovir in macrophages and fibroblast cell lines. Utilising a plaque reduction assay we found that acyclovir potently inhibited the HSV-1 replication in macrophages (EC50 = 0.0025 muM) compared to Vero (EC50 = 8.5 muM) and MRC-5 (EC50 = 3.3 muM) cells. The cytotoxicity of acyclovir was not detected at concentrations less than or equal to 20 muM, thus the selective index in macrophages was >8000. This marked difference in antiherpetic activity between macrophages and fibroblasts was not observed with Foscarnet and PMEA. We suggest that this potent antiviral effect of acyclovir is mainly due to a proficient phosphorylation of the drug and/or a favourable dGTP/acyclovir triphosphate ratio in macrophage cells. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.