Systematic validation of specific phenotypic markers for in vitro polarized human macrophages

Background: Polarization of macrophages by specific micro-environmental conditions impacts upon their function following subsequent activation. This study aimed to systematically validate robust phenotypic markers for in vitro polarized human macrophages in order to facilitate the study of macrophage subsets in vivo. Methods: Human peripheral blood monocytes were polarized in vitro with IFN-gamma, IL-4, or IL-10. Similar experiments were performed with TNF. IL-13, dexamethasone, M-CSF and GM-CSF as polarizing stimuli. Phenotypic markers were assessed by flow cytometry and qPCR. Results: IFN-gamma polarized macrophages (M Phi(IFN-gamma)) specifically enhanced membrane expression of CD80 and CD64, IL-4 polarized macrophages (M Phi(IL-4)) mainly upregulated CD200R and CD206, and downregulated CD14 levels, and IL-10 polarized macrophages (M Phi(IL-10)) selectively induced CD163, CD16, and CD32. The expression profiles of the most specific markers were confirmed by qPCR, dose-response experiments, and the use of alternative polarizing factors for each macrophage subset (TNF, IL-13, and dexamethasone, respectively). GM-CSF polarized macrophages (M Phi(GM-CSF)) upregulated CD80 but not CD64 expression, showing a partial phenotypic similarity with M Phi(IFN-gamma), and also upregulated the expression of the alternative activation marker CD206. M-CSF polarized macrophages (M Phi(M-CSF)) not only expressed increased levels of CD163 and CD16, resembling M Phi(IL-10), but also displayed high levels of CD64. The phenotype of M Phi(M-CSF) could be further modulated by additional polarization with IFN-gamma, IL-4, or IL-10, whereas M Phi(GM-CSF) showed less phenotypic plasticity. Conclusion: This study validated CD80 as the most robust phenotypic marker for human M Phi(IL-gamma), whereas CD200R was upregulated and CD14 was specifically downregulated on M Phi(IL-4) CD163 and CD16 were found to be specific markers for M Phi(IL-10). The GM-CSF/M-CSF differentiation model showed only a partial phenotypic similarity with the IFN-gamma/IL-4/IL-10 induced polarization. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.