Hydrocarbon accumulation by picocyanobacteria from the Arabian Gulf

Aims: The objective of this work was to study picocyanobacteria in the Arabian Gulf water in relation to oil pollution. Methods and Results: Epifluorescent microscopic counting showed that offshore water samples along the Kuwaiti coast of the Arabian Gulf were rich in picocyanobacteria which ranged in numbers between about 1 x 10(5) and 6 x 10(5) ml(-1). Most dominant was the genus Synechococcus; less dominant genera were Synechocystis, Pleurocapsa and Dermocarpella. All isolates grew well in an inorganic medium containing up to 0.1% crude oil (w/v) and could survive in the presence of up to 1% crude oil. Hydrocarbon analysis by gas liquid chromatography (GLC showed that representative strains of the four genera had the potential for the accumulation of hydrocarbons (the aliphatic n-hexadecane, aromatic phenanthrene and crude oil hydrocarbons) from aqueous media. Electron microscopy showed that the cells of these strains appeared to store hydrocarbons in their inter thylakoid spaces. Analysis by GLC of constituent fatty acids of total lipids and individual lipid classes from representative picoplankton strains grown in the absence and presence of hydrocarbons showed, however, that the fatty acid patterns were not markedly affected by the hydrocabon substrates, meaning that the test strains could not oxidize the accumulated hydrocarbons. Conclusions: The Arabian Gulf is among the water bodies of the world richest in picocyanobacteria. These micro-organisms accumulate hydrocarbons from the water body, but do not biodegrade these compounds. It is assumed that hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria that were always found associated with all picocyanobacteria in nature may carry out the biodegradation of these compounds. Significance and Importance of the Study: The results shed light on the potential role of picocyanobacteria in controlling marine oil pollution.