Selective sterilisation of undisturbed soil cores by gamma irradiation: Effects on free-living nematodes, microbial community and nitrogen dynamics

The techniques available for sterilisation or defaunation of soil in ecological experiments mostly have strongly unwanted effects on soil structure and the dynamics of major nutrients such as nitrogen. The potential for using gamma irradiation to prepare defaunated soil microcosms was investigated by subjecting undisturbed soil cores to a range of irradiation doses (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 kGy). The absence of living nematodes at the lowest irradiation dose was confirmed by microscopic observation. The effects of irradiation dose on mineral nitrogen (as NO3- and NH4+), microbial biomass C (C-mic), and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentration and composition were determined over a 4 week incubation period. An increase in the concentration of NO occurred during the incubation period after exposure to 0, 5 and 10 kGy but was barely detectable at 20 and 40 kGy. The effect of irradiation dose on NH4+ release was complex and highly variable within treatments, with the 10 kGy dose resulting in the highest concentrations. Microbial biomass carbon was significantly reduced following a 20 kGy irradiation dose and below detection at 40 kGy. Most remarkably, the sum of all measured PLFAs did not differ significantly between most treatments and was not correlated with microbial biomass. In most cases the concentration of signature fatty acids only differed significantly between the control and the highest irradiation dose treatments. To ascertain the sensitivity of microbial taxa to acute gamma irradiation with accuracy, measures of microbial community structure other than PLFA analysis are needed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.