Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation of corn stover

The main properties of chars produced from corn stover, either by pyrolysis at 550 degrees C (to produce biochar) or by hydrothermal carbonisation (to produce hydrochar), were studied. Carbonaceous materials were characterised by: SEM imaging, solid-state C-13 NMR, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS. The following parameters were determined: elemental composition, cation exchange capacity, acid groups contents, BET, and yield. The hydrochar had a low ash content and low pH (4.7); recovery of C was high (57%), although only about half of the C was aromatic. Atomic O/C and H/C ratios in the hydrochar were higher than in the biochar. The same pattern was observed for the estimated concentration of carboxylic functional groups (0.07 compared with 0.04 mol/kg). The biochar had higher ash content than the hydrochar, and also higher pH (similar to 10) (lime equivalence similar to 40 kg CaCO3/t). The C recovery (46%) was lower than in the hydrochar, although most of the C recovered was aromatic. Both chars could be used as soil amendments, for very different requirements. Soil responses and the residence times of the chars (especially the hydrochar) must be studied in detail to pursue long-term C sequestration.