Engineered and artificial photosynthesis: Human ingenuity enters the game

The process of engineered and artificial photosynthesis activities are increasingly influenced by human related factors. Humans have created direct ways for harnessing solar energy, such as photovoltaic (PV) cells, which produce energy in the form of electromotive force (emf, electricity). They are making transformation progress with an aim to supplant fossil fuels to offer energy security and reduction in climate change can be performed at the intersection of technology and biology. Energy conversion efficiency (ECE), which is a fundamental parameter to determine the area needed to offer a specified amount of energy for human use, should be calculated using insolation (incident solar energy) per year summed over diurnal and seasonal cycles. Some algae and cyanobacteria, which possess significantly higher ECEs than terrestrial plants, can also be used to achieve far better ECE by clustering them for biofuel production than by growing terrestrial plants.