Spray jets in a cross-flow

When droplets are expelled at a high velocity by a spray, a strong vertical air jet is induced throughout which the smallest droplets are dispersed (their Reynolds numbers associated with their relative motion being small). In our analysis we focus on the interaction between an external cross-flow and this spray jet. This interaction and the distances by which the spray jet and, over a longer distance, the large droplets are deflected are found to depend largely on the ratio of the cross-wind speed to the induced air speed U-0/U-j. Using a multi-zone analysis we show that with a weak crossflow (U-0/U-j less than or similar to 0.1), in the region immediately below the nozzle the spray entrains the external cross-flow and acts like a line sink; the streamlines close to the spray curve inwards to the centre, while further away the sink flow is weak and the streamlines follow the cross-wind. The external flow stagnates at a certain distance from the spray centreline which depends on U-0/U-j. When U-0/U-j greater than or similar to 0.1 the cross-section of the spray jet and its velocity distribution change in the same way as a fluid jet in a cross-flow, whose inertia causes the deflection of the external flow around it and whose surface vorticity causes a pair of axial vortices on the downwind side of the spray. These vortices have a significant effect on the spray because they induce a back flow which reduces the tendency of the small droplets to leave the spray. When the cross-wind is strong (U-0/U-j > 0.3; U-0 greater than or similar to 10 m s(-1)) the flow is too strong to be entrained; in this limit the main effect of the larger spray droplets is simply to resist the cross-flow which causes the cross-flow to slow down as it passes through the spray and to divert some of the cross-flow around the spray jet. Since the cross-flow now passes through the spray it carries the smallest droplets downwind. In this paper analytical models have been developed for all the practical ranges of the ratio of the jet speed to the cross-wind speed. This enables spray drift to be calculated. These models require very little computer time and can be run interactively. Spray droplet trajectories can be plotted straightforwardly for both axisymmetric and flat-fan sprays.