Microsensor studies of photosynthesis and respiration in the symbiotic foraminifer Orbulina universa

Oxygen and pH microelectrodes were used to investigate the microenvironment of the planktonic foraminifer Orbulina universa and its dinoflagellate endosymbionts. A diffusive boundary layer surrounds the foraminiferal shell and limits the O-2 and proton transport from the shell to the ambient seawater and vice versa, Due to symbiont photosynthesis, high O-2 concentrations of up to 206% air saturation and a pH of up to 8.8, i.e. 0.5 pH units above ambient seawater, were measured at the shell surface of the foraminifer at saturating irradiances. The respiration of the host-symbiont system in darkness decreased the O-2 concentration at the shell surface to < 70% of the oxygen content in the surrounding air-saturated water. The pH at the shell surface dropped to 7.9 in darkness. We measured a mean gross photosynthetic rate of 8.5 +/- 4.0 nmol O-2 h(-1) foraminifer(-1). The net photosynthesis averaged 5.3 +/- 2.7 nmol O-2 h(-1). In the light, the calculated respiration rates reached 3.9 +/- 1.9 nmol O-2 h(-1), whereas the dark respiration rates were significantly lower (1.7 +/- 0.7 nmol O-2 h(-1)). Experimental light-dark cycles demonstrated a very dynamic response of the symbionts to changing light conditions. Gross photosynthesis versus scalar irradiance curves (P vs E-o curves) showed light saturation irradiances (E-k) Of 75 and 137 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) in two O. universa specimens, respectively. No inhibition of photosynthesis was observed at irradiance levels up to 700 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1). The light compensation point of the symbiotic association was 50 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1). Radial profile measurements of scalar irradiance (E-o) inside the foraminifera showed a slight increase at the shell surface up to 105% of the incident irradiance (E-d).