Single-channel properties of ionic channels gated by cyclic nucleotides

This paper presents an extensive analysis of single-channel properties of cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channels, obtained by injecting into Xenopus laevis oocytes the mRNA encoding for the alpha and beta subunits from bovine rods. When the alpha and beta subunits of the CNG channel are coexpressed, at least three types of channels with different properties are observed. One type of channel has well-resolved, multiple conductive levels at negative voltages, but not at positive voltages. The other two types of channel are characterized by flickering openings, but are distinguished because they have a low and a high conductance. The alpha subunit of CNG channels has a well-defined conductance of about 28 pS, but multiple conductive levels are observed in mutant channels E363D and T364M. The conductance of these open states is modulated by protons and the membrane voltage, and has an activation energy around 44 kJ/mol. The relative probability of occupying any of these open states is independent of the cGMP concentration, but depends on extracellular protons. The open probability in the presence of saturating cGMP was 0.78, 0.47, 0.5, and 0.007 in the w.t. and mutants E363D, T364M, and E363G, and its dependence on temperature indicates that the thermodynamics of the transition between the closed and open state is also affected by mutations in the pore region. These results suggest that CNG channels have different conductive levels, leading to the existence of multiple open states in homomeric channels and to the flickering behavior in heteromeric channels, and that the pore is an essential part of the gating of CNG channels.