'Spatializing' knowledge communities: towards a conceptualization of transnational innovation networks

In this article we seek to move beyond existing conceptualizations of innovation systems in two key respects. First, we identify the need for a shift away from research that focuses on discrete scales as the locus for understanding innovation towards that which places more emphasis on network relationships operating between and across different scales. Second, we illustrate the need for approaches that recognize the significance of innovative networks that extend beyond firms and, in particular, those associated with the movement of knowledgeable individuals. By synthesizing recent insights from three literatures on 'communities' of varying kinds namely communities of practice, knowledge communities and transnational communities - we propose a conceptualization of transnational innovation networks based around three overlapping and mutually constitutive domains. In addition to the much-studied 'corporate-institutional' domain, we also identify 'social network' and 'hegemonic-discursive' domains that may be important components of transnational innovation networks operating across different localities.