Surface expression of heterogeneous nuclear RNA binding protein M4 on Kupffer cell relates to its function as a carcinoembryonic antigen receptor

Elevated concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the blood are associated with the development of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancers. Clearance of circulating CEA occurs through endocytosis by liver macrophages, Kupffer cells. Previously we identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins M4 (hnRNP M4) as a receptor (CEAR) for CEA. HnRNP M4 has two isoform proteins (p80, p76), the full-length hnRNP M4 (CEAR(L)) and a truncated form (CEAR(S)) with a deletion of 39 amino acids between RNA binding domains 1 and 2, generated by alternative splicing. The present study was undertaken to clarify any isoform-specific differences in terms of their function as CEA receptor and localization. We develop anti-CEAR isoform- specific antibodies and show that both CEAR splicing isoforms are expressed on the surface of Kupffer cells and can function as CEA receptor. Alternatively, in P388D1 macrophages CEAR(S) protein has nuclear and CEAR(L) has cytoplasmic localization. In MIP101 colon cancer and HeLa cells the CEAR(S) protein is localized to the nucleus and CEARL to the cytoplasm. These findings imply that different functions are assigned to CEAR isoforms depending on the cell type. The search of 39 amino acids deleted region against the Prosite data base revealed the presence of N-myristylation signal PGGPGMITIP that may be involved in protein targeting to the plasma membrane. Overall, this report demonstrates that the cellular distribution, level of expression, and relative amount of CEARL and CEAR, isoforms determine specificity for CEA binding and the expression of alternative spliced forms of CEAR is regulated in a tissue-specific manner. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.