β-Lapachone-containing PEG-PLA polymer micelles as novel nanotherapeutics against NQO1-overexpres sing tumor cells

beta-Lapachone (beta-lap) is a novel anticancer agent that is bioactivated by NADP(H): quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), an enzyme overexpressed in a variety of tumors. Despite its therapeutic promise, the poor aqueous solubility of p-lap hinders its preclinical evaluation and clinical translation. Our objective was to develop beta-lap-containing poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactide) (PEG-PLA) polymer micelles for the treatment of NQO1-overexpressing tumors. Several micelle fabrication strategies were examined to maximize drug loading. A film sonication method yielded beta-lap micelles with relatively high loading density (4.7 +/- 1.0% to 6.5 +/- 1.0%) and optimal size (29.6 +/- 1.5 nm). Release studies in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) showed the time (t(1/2)) for 50% of drug release at 18 It. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed in NQO1-overexpressing (NQO1+) and NQO1-null (NQO1-) H596 lung, DU-145 prostate, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cytotoxicity data showed that after a 2 h incubation with beta-lap micelles, a marked increase in toxicity was shown in NQO1+ cells over NQO1- cells, resembling free drug both in efficacy and mechanism of cell death. In summary, these data demonstrate the potential of beta-lap micelles as an effective therapeutic strategy against NQO1-overexpressing tumor cells. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.