Classification, staging and prognosis of lung cancer

被引:111
作者
Beadsmoore, CJ [1 ]
Screaton, NJ [1 ]
机构
[1] Addenbrookes Hosp, Dept Radiol, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, England
关键词
lung cancer; neoplasm staging; lymph node classification; lymph node mapping; survival rates;
D O I
10.1016/S0720-048X(02)00287-5
中图分类号
R8 [特种医学]; R445 [影像诊断学];
学科分类号
1002 ; 100207 ; 1009 ;
摘要
Lung cancer has increased in incidence throughout the twentieth century and is now the most common cancer in the Western World. It has a poor prognosis, only 10-15% of patients survive 5 years or longer. Outcome is dependent on clinical stage and cancer cell type. Lung cancer is broadly subclassified on the basis of histological features into squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma. The histopathological type of lung cancer correlates with tumour behaviour and prognosis. Staging based on prognosis is essential in clinical trials comparing different management strategies, and enables universal communication regarding the efficacy of different treatments in specific patient groups. The anatomic extent of disease determined either preoperatively using imaging supplemented by invasive procedures such as mediastinoscopy, and anterior mediastinotomy or following resection are described according to the T-primary tumour, N-regional lymph nodes, M-distant metastasis classification. The International System for Staging Lung Cancer attempts to group together patients with similar prognosis and treatment options. Various combinations of T, N, and M define different clinical or surgical-pathological stages (IA-IV) characterised by different survival characteristics. Refinements in staging based on imaging findings have enabled clinical staging to more accurately reflect the surgical-pathological stage and therefore more accurately predict prognosis. Recent advances including the use of positron emission tomography in combination with conventional staging promises to increase the accuracy of staging and therefore to reduce the number of invasive staging procedures and inappropriate thoracotomies. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:8 / 17
页数:10
相关论文
共 58 条
[1]  
ABRAMS J, 1988, SEMIN ONCOL, V15, P261
[2]  
AITKEN K, 1992, IMAGING, V4, P15
[3]  
[Anonymous], 1997, AM J RESP CRIT CARE, V156, P320
[4]  
[Anonymous], 1946, B I NATL HYG
[5]   Evolution of peripheral lung adenocarcinomas: CT findings correlated with histology and tumor doubling time [J].
Aoki, T ;
Nakata, H ;
Watanabe, H ;
Nakamura, K ;
Kasai, T ;
Hashimoto, H ;
Yasumoto, K ;
Kido, M .
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY, 2000, 174 (03) :763-768
[6]  
ARMSTRONG P, 2000, IMAGING DIS CHEST, P305
[7]  
BEAHRS OH, 1992, MANUAL STAGING CANC, P120
[8]  
BECKETT WS, 1993, CLIN CHEST MED, V14, P1
[9]  
Blanke C D, 1997, Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, V9, P101
[10]   Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung [J].
Bonomo, L ;
Storto, ML ;
Ciccotosto, C ;
Polverosi, R ;
Merlino, B ;
Bellelli, M ;
Guidotti, A .
EUROPEAN RADIOLOGY, 1998, 8 (06) :996-1001