Thoracic duct in patients with multiple organ failure: No major route of bacterial translocation

Objective To determine whether translocation of bacteria or endotoxin occurred into the thoracic duct in patients with multiple organ failure (MOF). Summary Background Data Translocation of bacteria or endotoxin has been proposed as a causative factor for MOF in patients without an infectious focus, although it has rarely been demonstrated in patients at risk for MOF. Most studies have investigated the hematogenic route of translocation, but It has been argued that lymphatic translocation of bacteria or endotoxin by the thoracic duct is the major route of translocation. Methods The thoracic duct was drained for 5 days in patients with MOF caused either by generalized fecal peritonitis (n = 4) or by an event without clinical and microbiologic evidence of infection (n = 4). Patients without MOF who were undergoing a transthoracic esophageal resection served as controls. In lymph and blood, concentrations of endotoxin, proinflammatory cytokines, and antiinflammatory cytokines were measured. Results Endotoxin concentrations in lymph and blood of patients with MOF ranged from 39 to 63 units per liter and were not significantly different from concentrations in patients without MOF. The quantity of endotoxin transported by the thoracic duct in the study group was small. In patients with MOF, low levels of proinflammatory cytokines and high levels of antagonists of these cytokines were found. Conclusion This study provides evidence that translocation (especially of endotoxin) occurs into the thoracic duct. However, these data do not support the concept that the thoracic duct is a major route of bacterial translocation in patients with MOF.