Bacterial origin for the isoprenoid biosynthesis enzyme HMG-CoA reductase of the archaeal orders thermoplasmatales and archaeoglobales

The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase or HMGR) fulfills an essential role in archaea, as it is required for the synthesis of isoprenoid ethers, the main component of archaeal cell membranes. There are two clearly homologous but structurally different classes of the enzyme, one found mainly in eukaryotes and archaea (class 1), and the other found in bacteria (class 2). This feature facilitated the identification of several cases of interdomain lateral gene transfer (LGT), in particular, the bacterial origin for the HMGR gene from the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus. In order to investigate if this LGT event was recent and limited in its scope of had a broad and long-term impact on the recipient and its related lineages, the HMGR gene was amplified and sequenced From a variety of archaea. The survey covered close relatives of A. fulgidus, the only archaeon known prior to this study to possess a bacterial-like HMGR; representatives of each main euryarchaeal group were also inspected. All culturable members of the archaeal group Archaeoglobales were found to display an HMGR very similar to the enzyme of the bacterium Pseudomonas mevalonii. Surprisingly, two species of the genus Thermoplasma also harbor an HMGR of bacterial origin highly similar to the enzymes found in the Archaeoglobales. Phylogenetic analyses of the HMGR gene and comparisons to reference phylogenies from other genes confirm a common bacterial origin for the HMGRs of Thermoplasmatales and Archaeoglobales. The most likely explanation of these results includes an initial bacteria-to-archaea transfer, followed by a another event between archaea. Their presence in two divergent archaeal lineages suggests an important adaptive role for these laterally transferred genes.