Fluid, electrolyte, and renal indices of hydration during 11 days of controlled caffeine consumption

This investigation determined if 3 levels of controlled caffeine consumption affected fluid-electrolyte balance and renal function differently. Healthy males (mean standard deviation; age, 21.6 +/- 3.3 y) consumed 3 mg caffeine (.) kg(-1) (.) d(-1) on days I to 6 (equilibration phase). On days 7 to 11 (treatment phase), subjects consumed either 0 mg (CO; placebo; n = 20), 3 mg (C3; n = 20), or 6 mg (C6; n = 19) caffeine (.) kg(-1) (.) d(-1) in capsules, with no other dietary caffeine intake. The following variables were unaffected (P > 0.05) by different caffeine doses on days 1, 3, 6, 9, and 11 and were within normal clinical ranges: body mass, urine osmolality, urine specific gravity, urine color, 24-h urine volume, 24-h Na+ and K+ excretion, 24-h creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, serum Na+ and K+, serum osmolality, hematocrit, and total plasma protein. Therefore, C0, C3, and C6 exhibited no evidence of hypohydration. These findings question the widely accepted notion that caffeine consumption acts chronically as a diuretic.