Summer mistral at the exit of the Rhone valley

The paper examines the three-dimensional structure and dynamics of the mistral at the Rhone valley exit on 28 June 2001. The mistral refers to a severe wind that develops along the Rhone valley in southern France. This summer mistral event was documented in the framework of the ESCOMPTE field experiment. The dynamical processes driving the circulation of the mistral in the Rhone valley and particularly wake formation and planetary boundary layer (PBL) inhomogeneity at the scale of Rhone valley delta are investigated. Several important data sources are used (airborne Doppler lidar, radiosondes and surface stations) as well as non-hydrostatic mesoscale simulations. This paper analyses experimentally, numerically and theoretically the mechanism of wake formation. It shows that the flow impinging on the Alpine range and the Massif Central becomes supercritical all along the ridge line, including the Rhone valley and continues to accelerate in the lee regions until a hydraulic jump occurs. It leads to the formation of wakes behind and close to the mountain peaks. Compared to the Massif Central wake, the origin of the western Alps wake is rather complicated. In this study, the observations and simulations suggest a combined wall separation/gravity wave breaking mechanism to explain the western Alps wake. Indeed, it is shown that in addition to the flow descending the western Alps slopes and experiencing a strong hydraulic jump, the point where the mistral flow separates from the eastern flank of the Rhone valley located at about 44degreesN is associated with a 'flank-shock' which is an oblique hydraulic jump (i.e. the downstream Froude number is supercritical). Wake formation in the lee of the Alps and the Massif Central causes large inhomogeneity of the PBL with differences between land and sea. In the Massif Central and western Alps wakes, the continental PBL is deeper ( 1.8 km) than in the mistral flow (1 km), which is consistent with a subcritical regime associated with enhanced turbulent mixing. The supercritical air flow, descending the Massif Central and Alps slopes and transitioning to subcritical flow, increases the near-surface air temperature due to the fohn effect. Over the Mediterranean, the surface heat fluxes are slightly negative (between -50 and 0 W m(-2)) and the main source of PBL turbulence is mechanical (wind shear). The PBL depth within the mistral flow does not vary over land (1 km), whereas the absence of convection but also of strong winds prevent PBL development over the sea in the wakes of the Massif Central and the Alps (PBL depth of about 0.5 km).