Effects of activation schemes on porous, surface and thermal properties of activated carbons prepared from cotton stalks

Cotton stalks were used to obtain activated carbons by one-step processes using both chemical activation by H(3)PO(4) or KOH, and thermal activation by steam pyrolysis. Porosity characteristics were determined from the analysis of N(2) adsorption isotherms using both BET and Langmuir equations as well as alpha(S)- and t-method. The results showed that the lignocellulosic content of cotton stalks was carbonized via different suggested mechanisms depending mainly on the activating agent. Highly to good porous carbons were obtained and the porosity increased in the order KOH > H(3)PO(4) > steam. For the acid-activated series, the best porous carbon, that having S(alpha) of 841 m(2)/g, was obtained from the acid-to-stalks ratio of 3:4 by weight. The biggest KOH-ratio of 3:1 gave a carbon with much higher microporosity and the biggest specific surface area among those prepared carbons (S(alpha) = 1307 m(2)/g). Cotton stalks showed a good response to single-step steam activation. Steam treatment at 600 degrees C resulted in a limited developed porosity, whereas an increase in temperature to 700 degrees C led to a considerable increase in porosity and yielded a carbon of S(alpha) 722 m(2)/g. Thermogravimetric study showed that acid-treatment shifts the main decomposition of cotton stalks to much higher temperatures indicating an increase in thermal stability and carbon yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-trans form infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) investigations evidenced that the presence of opened-pore structure and different functionalities on the carbon surfaces based, principally, on the activation scheme. The results also showed that cotton stalks, as low cost, are well suited to produce high quality activated carbons composed of a wide range of porosity that could achieve high removal capacity to a broad range of pollutants. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.