The status of the world's land and marine mammals: Diversity, threat, and knowledge

被引：1080

作者：

Schipper, Jan ^{[1
,2
]}

Chanson, Janice S. ^{[1
,2
]}

Chiozza, Federica ^{[3
]}

Cox, Neil A. ^{[1
,2
]}

Hoffmann, Michael ^{[1
,2
]}

Katariya, Vineet ^{[1
]}

Lamoreux, John ^{[1
,4
]}

Rodrigues, Ana S. L. ^{[5
]}

Stuart, Simon N. ^{[1
,2
]}

Temple, Helen J. ^{[6
]}

Baillie, Jonathan ^{[7
]}

Boitani, Luigi ^{[3
]}

Lacher, Thomas E., Jr. ^{[2
,4
]}

Mittermeier, Russell A. ^{[2
]}

Smith, Andrew T. ^{[8
]}

Absolon, Daniel

Aguiar, John M. ^{[2
,4
]}

Amori, Giovanni ^{[9
]}

Bakkour, Noura ^{[2
,10
]}

Baldi, Ricardo ^{[11
,12
]}

Berridge, Richard J. ^{[13
]}

Bielby, Jon ^{[7
,14
]}

Black, Patricia Ann ^{[15
,16
]}

Blanc, J. Julian ^{[17
]}

Brooks, Thomas M. ^{[2
,18
,19
]}

Burton, James A. ^{[20
,21
]}

Butynski, Thomas M. ^{[22
,23
]}

Catullo, Gianluca ^{[24
]}

Chapman, Roselle

Cokeliss, Zoe ^{[7
]}

Collen, Ben ^{[7
]}

Conroy, Jim ^{[25
]}

Cooke, Justin G. ^{[26
]}

da Fonseca, Gustavo A. B. ^{[27
,28
]}

Derocher, Andrew E. ^{[29
]}

Dublin, Holly T. ^{[30
]}

Duckworth, J. W. ^{[31
]}

Emmons, Louise ^{[32
]}

Emslie, Richard H. ^{[33
]}

Festa-Bianchet, Marco ^{[34
]}

Foster, Matt ^{[2
]}

Foster, Sabrina ^{[35
]}

Garshelis, David L. ^{[36
]}

Gates, Cormack ^{[37
]}

Gimenez-Dixon, Mariano

Gonzalez, Susana ^{[38
]}

Gonzalez-Maya, Jose Fernando ^{[39
]}

Good, Tatjana C. ^{[40
]}

Hammerson, Geoffrey ^{[41
]}

Hammond, Philip S. ^{[42
]}

机构：

[1] IUCN, Species Programme, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland

[2] Conservat Int, Ctr Appl Biodivers Sci, Arlington, VA 22202 USA

[3] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Anim & Human Biol, I-00185 Rome, Italy

[4] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA

[5] Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England

[6] IUCN, Species Programme, Cambridge CB3 0DL, England

[7] Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England

[8] Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA

[9] CNR, Inst Ecosyst Studies, I-00161 Rome, Italy

[10] Columbia Univ, Sch Int & Publ Affairs, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, New York, NY 10027 USA

[11] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Ctr Nacl Patagonico, RA-9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina

[12] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Patagonian & Andean Steppe Program, RA-9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina

[13] Mantella Conservat Org, London SE16 7TS, England

[14] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England

[15] Fac Ciencias Nat, RA-4000 San Miguel De Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina

[16] Inst Miguel Lillo, RA-4000 San Miguel De Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina

[17] MIKE, CITES, Nairobi 00100, Kenya

[18] Univ Philippines, World Agroforestry Ctr ICRAF, Los Banos 4031, Philippines

[19] Univ Tasmania, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia

[20] Earthwatch Inst Europe, Oxford OX2 7DE, England

[21] Univ Edinburgh, Royal Dick Sch Vet Studies, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, Midlothian, Scotland

[22] Eastern Africa Primate Divers & Conservat Program, Nanyuki 10400, Kenya

[23] Drexel Univ, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA

[24] Ist Ecol Applicata, I-00162 Rome, Italy

[25] Celt Environm Ltd, Banchory AB31 4JG, Kincardine, Scotland

[26] Ctr Ecosyst Management Studies, D-79297 Winden, Germany

[27] Global Environm Facil, Washington, DC 20433 USA

[28] Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Zool, BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

[29] Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada

[30] Ctr Biodivers Conservat, S African Natl Biodivers Inst, IUCN Species Survival Commiss, ZA-7735 Cape Town, South Africa

[31] Wildlife Conservat Soc, Asia Programs, Bronx, NY 10460 USA

[32] Smithsonian Inst, Dept Vertebrate Zool, Div Mammals, Washington, DC 20013 USA

[33] African Rhino Specialist Grp, IUCN SSC Species Survival Commiss, ZA-3245 Hilton, South Africa

[34] Univ Sherbrooke, Dept Biol, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada

[35] Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA

[36] Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA

[37] Univ Calgary, Dept Environm Sci, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada

[38] IIBCE, Fac Ciencias, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay

[39] ProCAT Int, Las Alturas, Coto Brus, Costa Rica

[40] James Cook Univ, Australian Res Council, Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia

[41] NatureServ, Arlington, VA 22209 USA

[42] Univ St Andrews, Sea Mammal Res Unit, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland

[43] Australian Natl Univ, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia

[44] Wild Camel Protect Fdn, Sch Farm, Benenden TN17 4EU, Kent, England

[45] Univ Montana, Dept Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA

[46] Dept Primary Ind & Water, Threatened Species Sect, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia

[47] Univ Tasmania, Sch Zool, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia

[48] Univ Otago, Ctr Sci Commun, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand

[49] Field Museum Nat Hist, Dept Zool, Chicago, IL 60605 USA

[50] Wildlife Inst India, Dehra Dun 248001, Uttar Pradesh, India

来源：

SCIENCE | 2008年 / 322卷 / 5899期

基金：

英国自然环境研究理事会;

关键词：

D O I：

10.1126/science.1165115

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

Knowledge of mammalian diversity is still surprisingly disparate, both regionally and taxonomically. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status and distribution of the world's mammals. Data, compiled by 1700+ experts, cover all 5487 species, including marine mammals. Global macroecological patterns are very different for land and marine species but suggest common mechanisms driving diversity and endemism across systems. Compared with land species, threat levels are higher among marine mammals, driven by different processes (accidental mortality and pollution, rather than habitat loss), and are spatially distinct (peaking in northern oceans, rather than in Southeast Asia). Marine mammals are also disproportionately poorly known. These data are made freely available to support further scientific developments and conservation action.

引用

页码：225 / 230

页数：6

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