Positive effects of vegetable and fruit consumption and calcium intake on bone mineral accrual in boys during growth from childhood to adolescence: the University of Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study

Background: Nutrition is an important modifiable factor in the development of bone mass during adolescence. Recent studies of children and adolescents examined the effects of foods such as milk products and fruit and vegetables on bone growth; however, few studies included both boys and girls. Objective: The purpose was to ascertain the role of consumption of milk products and vegetables and fruit in the accrual of total-body bone mineral content (TBBMC) in boys and girls from childhood to late adolescence. Design: Seven-year longitudinal data were obtained from 85 boys and 67 girls aged 8-20 y. Biological maturity was defined by the number of years from the age at peak height velocity. Dietary intake was assessed by serial 24-h recalls. Anthropometric measurements and physical activity were assessed every 6 mo. TBBMC assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the fall of each year was the indicator of bone mass. Results: Most boys (87.8%) met Canadian recommendations for milk product intake. Few subjects (< 30%) consumed vegetables and fruit in recommended amounts. Using a multilevel modeling statistical approach containing important biological and environmental factors, we found that vegetable and fruit intakes, calcium intake, and physical activity were significant independent environmental predictors of TBBMC in boys but not in girls. Conclusions: In addition to adequate dietary calcium intake, appropriate intakes of vegetables and fruit have a beneficial effect on TBBMC in boys aged 8-20 y. Underreporting of dietary intake by girls may explain why this effect was not apparent in girls.