UV-absorbing substances in the tunic of a colonial ascidian protect its symbiont, Prochloron sp., from damage by UV-B radiation

Photosynthesis by cells of Prochloron sp. freshly isolated from the ascidian host, Lissoclinum patella, collected from shallow waters in Palau, was severely inhibited by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. No photoinhibition, however, was observed in Prochloron cells isolated from intact colonies after UV irradiation, suggesting some protection by the ascidian host. It was shown that UV protection was brought about by the thick gelatinous tunic covering the whole ascidian colony. Analysis revealed that the surface tunic of L. patella, although transparent to visible light, contains several UV-absorbing substances, identified by highperformance liquid chromatography as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). The predominant MAA identified was shinorine (lambda(max) = 334 nm), followed by mycosporine-glycine (lambda(max) = 310 nm) and a small amount of palythine (lambda(max) = 320 nm). Although isolated Prochloron cells also contained shinorine, on a protein-weight basis it was less than half of that observed in the host tunic. These results suggest that the surface tunic of a L. patella colony, which is transparent to visible light for photosynthesis, also contains UV-absorbing compounds that protect its photoautotrophic symbiont, Prochloron sp., from damage by the intense UV-irradiation that they receive daily in shallow, tropical marine waters.