Epigenetic inhibition of nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner is associated with and regulates hepatocellular carcinoma growth

Background & Aims: Aberrant hypermethylation of promoter regions in cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpG) islands has been shown to be associated with transcriptional silencing of tumor-suppressor genes in many cancers. This study evaluated the methylation profile and the tumor-suppressive function of the small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) in the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: Human HCC pathologic specimens and cell lines were used as model systems in this study. Results: The expression of SHP is diminished in HCC pathologic specimens and cell lines by epigenetic silencing owing to SHP promoter hypermethylation. In vitro methylation decreased SHP promoter transactivation and nuclear receptor LRH-1 binding, an event that was reversed by demethylation. Overexpression of SHP inhibited HCC foci formation, arrested HCC tumor growth in xenografted nude mice, and increased the sensitivity of HCC cells to apoptotic stimuli. Further analysis of a total of 19 normal liver and 57 HCC specimens showed that down-regulation of SHP gene expression may be a common denominator of HCC. Conclusions: We propose that SHP functions as a novel tumor suppressor in the development of HCC. These findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms leading to this common cancer and may have both diagnostic and therapeutic applications.