Direct arthroscopy of the bicipital groove: A new approach to evaluation and treatment of bicipital groove and biceps tendon pathology

Assessment of the intra-articular and intertubercular regions of the long tendon of the biceps forms an important aspect of routine glenohumeral arthroscopic examination. We describe a new technique of direct visualization of the bicipital groove and tendon by positioning the arthroscope in linear alignment with the bicipital groove. A 4.5-mm cannula is introduced through a superior-medial (Neviaser) portal, into the glenohumeral joint, parallel and adjacent to the superior aspect of the biceps tendon, and is used as a viewing portal. The arm is then positioned in abduction, external rotation, and forward flexion, to align the groove with the arthroscope, thereby attempting to "look down the groove." The biceps tendon, as well as the structures forming its medial and lateral pulleys, can be evaluated from the glenohumeral and intertubercular aspects. A greater length of the medial and lateral lips and the floor and roof of the bicipital groove can be visualized by advancing the arthroscope deeper within the groove. A fat pad along the lateral wall of the groove serves as an anatomic landmark to limit dissection in this region, thereby preventing damage to the anterolateral ascending branch of the anterior circumflex artery. An extension of this technique, to facilitate instrumentation for arthroscopic biceps tenodesis, is described.