Enthalpy of helix-coil transition: Missing link in rationalizing the thermodynamics of helix-forming propensities of the amino acid residues

It is known that different amino acid residues have effects on the thermodynamic stability of an a-helix. The underlying mechanism for the thermodynamic helical propensity is not well understood. The major accepted hypothesis is the difference in the side-chain configurational entropy loss upon helix formation. However, the changes in the side-chain configurational entropy explain only part of the thermodynamic helical propensity, thus implying that there must be a difference in the enthalpy of helix-coil transition for different residues. This work provides an experimental test to this hypothesis. Direct calorimetric measurements of folding of a model host peptide in which the helix formation is induced by metal binding is applied to a wide range of residue types, both naturally occurring and nonnatural, at the guest site. Based on the calorimetric results for 12 peptides, it was found that indeed there is a difference in the enthalpy of helix-coil transition for different amino acid residues, and simple empirical rules that define these differences are presented. The obtained difference in the enthalpies of helix-coil transition complement the differences in configurational entropies and provide the complete thermodynamic characterization of the helix-forming tendencies.