Identification and characterization of basal and cyclic AMP response elements in the promoter of the rat hexokinase II genes

Hexokinases catalyze the phosphorylation of glucose and initiate cellular glucose metabolism. Hexokinase II (HKII) is the principal hexokinase isoform in skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose tissue. Isoproterenol and exogenous cyclic AMP (cAMP) increase HKII gene transcription in L6 myotubes. Various segments of the HKII promoter that direct the expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene were transfected into L6 myotubes to identify basal and cAMP response elements. The 5'-flanking region that extends 90 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site includes a CCAAT box and a cAMP response element (CRE); both contribute to basal promoter activity and each provides an independent, maximal response 60 cAMP. An inverted CCAAT motif, or Y box, located just upstream of the CCAAT box, contributes to basal promoter activity but is not involved in the cAMP response. Home- and heterodimers composed of the CRE-binding protein and activating transcription factor-1 bind specifically to the CRE. The Y box and the CCAAT box specifically bind the factor NF-Y (also known as CBF).