JAK/STAT signaling is involved in IL-35-induced inhibition of hepatitis B virus antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B

Aims: Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a new member of the interleukin-12 family and is composed of the P35 and EB virus-inducible gene 3 subunits. The aims of this study were to examine the roles of IL-35 in the exhaustion of HBV-specific CTLs, as little as known on the subject. Main methods: The relative levels of serum HBV markers were detected using automated biochemical techniques. The HBV DNA copies were measured by RT-qPCR. The expression of inhibitory receptors and the cell cytokines on the surface of CTLs were determined by flow cytometry. The pSTAT1-pSTAT4 protein levels expression was determined by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and Western blot. Key findings: Our results showed that IL-35 can activate the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)/STAT4 pathway in CTLs in vitro. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis alpha-a expression increased in CTLs in the presence of a JAK/STAT-pathway blocker. In addition, we evaluated the expression of the exhaustion-associated molecules programmed death-1, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4, and lymphocyte activation gene-3 in CTLs after adding the JAK-STAT inhibitor The results showed that the expression of exhaustion-associated molecules on the CTL surface decreased after blocking the JAK-STAT pathway. IL-35 inhibited the function of HBV-specific CTLs through the JAK1/TYK2/STAT1/STAT4 pathway, and the function of CTLs was recovered after blocking the JAK/STAT pathway. Significance: These data provide a new experimental basis for immunotherapy for chronic hepatitis B.