Species composition and reproductive phenology of bats in a tropical landscape at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico

The structure, composition and reproductive phenology of a bat assemblage were investigated in the tropical region of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. A 90-km(2) landscape, originally occupied by rain forest, consisted of forest fragments and natural corridors of vegetation surrounded by pasturelands. Artificial strips of vegetation also were present as live fences. Bats were sampled with mist nets set at ground level in 52 forest fragments, three corridors, nine shaded plantations, six unshaded plantations and three live fences. We sampled each site twice, each time for a 5-h period for two consecutive nights. Bats were captured and released and the species identity and reproductive condition of adult females were recorded. Annual fruiting phenology and fruit production was measured with fruit traps in a forest site in three 500 x 20-m transects. We captured 4799 bats of 39 species. At forest sites we recorded 97% of the species and captured 44% of the bats. In corridors we captured 76% of the species and 16% of the total individuals. In the plantations we captured 71% of the species and 32% of the individuals. In the live fences we captured 32% of the species and 8% of the individuals. Three species, Pteronotus parnelli, Carollia brevicauda and Glossophaga soricina, accounted for 52% of all bat captures. Fruit-eating species and fruit-eating insectivores accounted for 65% of captures. Fleshy fruits were available year-round, but a seasonal pattern was evident. Presence of lactating females seemed to be associated, in general, with rainfall and fruiting seasonality, but individual species displayed different patterns ranging from aseasonal polyoestry to seasonal bimodal polyoestry, seasonal polyoestry and seasonal monoestry. Despite extensive fragmentation of the original rain forest, a species-rich bat assemblage still exists in the landscape studied. Short distances among remaining forest fragments and man-made habitats seem to facilitate persistence and reproductive connectivity among members of this bat assemblage.