Destruction of potential vorticity by winds

The destruction of potential vorticity (PV) at ocean fronts by wind stress-driven frictional forces is examined using PV flux formalism and numerical simulations. When a front is forced by "downfront" winds, that is, winds blowing in the direction of the frontal jet, a nonadvective frictional PV flux that is upward at the sea surface is induced. The flux extracts PV out of the ocean, leading to the formation of a boundary layer thicker than the Ekman layer, with nearly zero PV and nonzero stratification. The PV reduction is not only active in the Ekman layer but is transmitted through the boundary layer via secondary circulations that exchange low PV from the Ekman layer with high PV from the pycnocline. Extraction of PV from the pycnocline by the secondary circulations results in an upward advective PV flux at the base of the boundary layer that scales with the surface, nonadvective, frictional PV flux and that leads to the deepening of the layer. At fronts forced by both downfront winds and a destabilizing atmospheric buoyancy flux F-atm(B), the critical parameter that determines whether the wind or the buoyancy flux is the dominant cause for PV destruction is (H/delta(e))(F-wind(B)/F-atm(B)), where H and delta(e) are the mixed layer and Ekman layer depths, F-wind(B) = S2 tau(o)/(rho of), S-2 is the magnitude of the lateral buoyancy gradient of the front, tau(o) is the downfront component of the wind stress, rho(o) is a reference density, and f is the Coriolis parameter. When this parameter is greater than 1, PV destruction by winds dominates and may play an important role in the formation of mode water.