Population aggregation analysis of three caviar-producing species of sturgeons and implications for the species identification of black caviar

We describe a reliable method for the identification of the species source for caviar. The assay is based on the identification of diagnostic nucleotide positions in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from a sequence database of 20 of 25 living sturgeon species. The collection of attribute data is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based and can readily identify the character states of several diagnostic nucleotide positions in the cytochrome b gene for the three main commercial species of caviar-producing sturgeons (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus, Huso huso). Over 20 individuals from each of the three species from a wide range of geographic regions were used to determine which of the potentially informative sites are diagnostic of phylogenetic lineages through use of the population aggregation analysis method. We also report results from a survey of 95 lots of commercially available caviar in the New York City area. Overall, 23% of the designations made by caviar suppliers were mislabeled with respect to species identification. Recent declines in population size of the three commercial species, combined with an increase in the demand for caviar on the international market, could have caused the observed mislabeling. Replacement of commercial species with endangered and threatened species indicates possible illegal harvest and poaching; action should be initiated to ensure the survival of all threatened Acipenseriformes. The use of our PCR assay might aid in conservation efforts in the United States and internationally.