Food and nutrition labelling in the European Union

This review presents the principles of food labelling, such as the consumers' right to non misleading information and informed choice, and the harmonisation of national laws to ensure free circulation of goods and fair trade in the Community. The relevant European Regulations and Directives are detailed, and references and websites given for access to full texts. Mandatory label information rules are presented, both "horizontal" rules applying to all foods (mainly pre-packaged foodstuffs for the ultimate consumer or for supply to caterers), and "vertical" rules defining the name and composition of specific products. Ingredient listing is discussed with regards to the recent amendment concerning food allergens. Voluntary label information is also presented, including quality and origin labelling, and organic production. The rules for novel foods and for genetically modified foods are analysed. The nutrition labelling Directive is detailed, together with texts ruling food supplements and foods for particular nutritional uses. Recent and still pending proposals for nutrition and health claims, and for nutrient fortification of foods are discussed. The results of critical surveys on the present implementation of food and nutrition labelling are summarised, together with the corresponding recommendations for improvement. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.