A highly accurate technique for the treatment of flow equations at the polar axis in cylindrical coordinates using series expansions

Numerical methods for solving the flow equations in cylindrical or spherical coordinates should be able to capture the behavior of the exact solution near the regions where the particular form of the governing equations is singular. In this work we focus on the treatment of these numerical singularities for finite-difference methods by reinterpreting the regularity conditions developed in the context of pseudo-spectral methods. A generally applicable numerical method for treating the singularities present at the polar axis, when nonaxisymmetric flows are solved in cylindrical coordinates using highly accurate finite-difference schemes (e.g., Pade schemes) on nonstaggered grids, is presented. Governing equations for the flow at the polar axis are derived using series expansions near r = 0. The only information needed to calculate the coefficients in these equations are the values of the flow variables and their radial derivatives at the previous iteration (or time) level. These derivatives, which are multivalued at the polar axis, are calculated without dropping the accuracy of the numerical method using a mapping of the flow domain from (0, R) * (0, 2pi) to (-R, R) * (0, pi), where R is the radius of the computational domain. This allows the radial derivatives to be evaluated using high-order differencing schemes (e.g., compact schemes) at points located on the polar axis. The accuracy of the method is checked by comparison with the theoretical solution corresponding to a circular compressible forced jet in the regime of linear growth. The proposed technique is illustrated by results from simulations of laminar-forced jets and turbulent compressible jets using large eddy simulation (LES) methods. In terms of the general robustness of the numerical method and smoothness of the solution close to the polar axis, the present results compare very favorably to similar calculations in which the equations are solved in Cartesian coordinates at the polar axis, or in which the singularity is removed by employing a staggered mesh in the radial direction without a mesh point at r = 0, following the method proposed recently by Mohseni and Colonius [1]. Extension of the method described here for incompressible flows or for any other set of equations that is solved on a nonstaggered mesh in cylindrical or spherical coordinates with finite-difference schemes of various levels of accuracy is immediate. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).