The role of helium in the outer solar atmosphere

We construct models of the outer solar atmosphere comprising the region from the mid-chromosphere and into the solar wind in order to study the force and energy balance in models with a significant helium abundance. The corona is created by dissipation of an energy flux from the Sun. The energy flux is lost as radiation from the top of the chromosphere and as gravitational and kinetic solar wind energy flux. We find that in models with significant ion heating of the extended corona most of the energy flux is lost in the solar wind. The ion temperatures are higher than the electron temperature in these models, and the alpha-particle temperature is much higher than the proton temperature, so there is energy transfer from the alpha-particle fluid to the protons and electrons, but this energy exchange between the different species is relatively small. To a fairly good approximation we can say that the energy flux deposited in the protons and alpha-particles is lost as kinetic and gravitational energy flux in the proton and alpha-particle flow. How this energy flux is divided between gravitational and kinetic energy flux (i.e., how large the particle fluxes and flow speeds are) depends upon details of the heating process. We also find that mixing processes in the chromosphere play an important role in determining the coronal helium abundance and the relative solar wind proton and alpha-particle fluxes. Roughly speaking, we find that the relative alpha-particle and proton fluxes are set by the degree of chromospheric mixing, while the speeds are set by the details of the coronal heating process.