Organic matter and polyacrylamide amendment of Norfolk loamy sand

Loamy sand soils of the southeastern USA Coastal Plains often have poor physical properties because they contain cemented subsurface hard layers that restrict root development and yield. Their physical properties can be improved by adding amendments. Polyacrylamide (PAM) amendments and/or organic matter (OM) in the form of ground wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble or pecan (Carya illinoensis) branches were mixed into a blend of 90% E horizon and 10% Ap horizon (to assure microbial presence) obtained from a Norfolk soil (Acrisol or fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult). We hypothesized that incorporation of these amendments would improve soil physical properties by reducing strength and improving aggregation. Amended treatments contained 450 g of soil, OM, and 30 or 120 mg kg(-1) of PAM (12 mg mol(-1), anionic, and 35% charge density); treatments were incubated for 96 days at 10% (w/w) water content. Twice during the incubation period, treatments were leached with 1.3 pore volumes of deionized water. After leaching and equilibrating to stable water contents, treatments were analyzed for bulk densities and probed with a 5-mm diameter flat-tipped bench-top penetrometer to measure penetration resistances. Though penetration resistances increased for the highest level of PAM amendment, they showed no significance when both PAM and OM were added to the soil. When compared to controls, treatments with PAM at 120 mg kg(-1) had decreased bulk densities. Treatments with both rates of PAM had decreased requirements for water needed to maintain treatments at 10% water contents. Aggregation increased with increasing amounts of PAM but showed no consistent trend when both PAM and OM were added to the soil. Because PAM increased aggregation and water holding capacities in these coastal soils, it could reduce the need for deep tillage. However, more work needs to be done to determine an effective mix of PAM and OM. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.