Evolution of breeding distributions in the old world leaf warblers (genus Phylloscopus)

Among Palearctic warblers of the genus Phylloscopus those species that breed farther north occupy larger geographical ranges than those which breed farther south (Rapoport's rule). We suggest that much of this pattern is a consequence of the differential ability of species to occupy areas rendered inhospitable during the Pleistocene. In support of this suggestion, the midpoint of breeding range in a north-south direction has been an exceptionally labile trait through evolutionary time. Comparisons of ecological attributes of those species breeding in the Himalayas with close relatives in Siberia implies a role for habitat tracking in determining which species have been able to colonize northern areas; hypotheses based on climate and climatic variability have less support. In addition there is a likely role for geographic barriers and/or biotic interactions in preventing some taxa from spreading from small southern ranges.