Analysis of the properties of the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain of human P-glycoprotein

Human P-glycoprotein, the MDR1 gene product, requires both Mg2+-ATP binding and hydrolysis to function as a drug transporter; however, the mechanism(s) defining these events is not understood. In the present study, we explored the nature of Mg2+-ATP binding in the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain of human P-glycoprotein and identified the minimal functional unit required for specific ATP binding. Recombinant proteins encompassing amino acids within the region beginning at 348 and ending at 707 were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified from inclusion bodies under denaturing conditions, and renatured by rapid dilution. The ability of ATP to interact with these proteins was examined by use of the photoactive ATP analogue [alpha-P-32]-8-azido-ATP. Photoaffinity labeling of recombinant proteins identified the region between amino acids 375 and 635 as the region necessary to obtain specific ATP-binding properties. Specific protein labeling was saturable, enhanced by Mg2+, and inhibited by ATP. Recombinant proteins confined within the region beginning at amino acid 392 and ending at amino acid 590 demonstrated nonspecific [alpha-P-32]-8-azido-ATP labeling. Nonspecific labeling was not enhanced by Mg2+ and was inhibited only by high concentrations of ATP. Using a D555N mutated protein, we found that the conserved aspartate residue in the Walker B motif plays a role in magnesium-enhanced ATP-binding. Taken together, these data define the region of the N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain of P-glycoprotein that is required for specific ATP binding and suggest that magnesium may play a role in stabilizing the ATP-binding site.